In the Euro-American context, “development” is commonly understood as a multidimensional socio-economic process with political, economic, social, environmental and cultural dimensions. In this regard, the political dimension (in particular, democracy) is seen as essential. The Chinese discourse views “development” primarily as a process of techn…

The term “people’s leader” (人民领袖) is a rare title of praise in China’s political discourse, reminiscent of the personality cult that prevailed during the Mao Zedong era. The term was used for a wider range of leaders through the 1940s, including “people’s leader Mao Zedong” (人民领袖毛泽东), “Soviet people’s leader Stalin” (苏联人民领袖斯大林) and “Vietnamese p…

The concept of state sovereignty can be defined as the exclusive right of states to govern within their own territory. In China, sovereignty should be understood as absolute and perpetual state power, where the state is governed by the Chinese Communist Party. Moreover, it is intimately linked to China’s emphasis on mutual non-interference in do…